Generalized dipole polarizabilities and the spatial structure of hadrons

We present a phenomenological discussion of spin-independent, generalized dipole polarizabilities of hadrons entering the virtual Compton scattering process γ∗h → γh. We introduce a new method of obtaining a tensor basis with appropriate Lorentz-invariant amplitudes which are free from kinematical singularities and constraints. The result is summarized in terms of a compact effective Lagrangian. We then motivate a gauge-invariant separation into a generalized Born term containing ground-state properties only, and a residual contribution describing the model-dependent internal structure. The generalized dipole polarizabilities are defined in terms of Lorentz-invariant residual amplitudes. Particular emphasis is laid on a physical interpretation of these quantities as characterizing the spatial distributions of the induced electric polarization and magnetization of hadrons. It is argued that three dipole polarizabilities, namely the longitudinal electric αL(q 2), the transverse electric αT (q 2), and the magnetic β(q2) ones are required in order to fully reconstruct local polarizations induced by soft external fields in a hadron. One of these polarizabilities, αT (q 2), describes an effect of higher order in the soft final-photon momentum q′. We argue that the associated spatial distributions obtained via the Fourier transforms in the Breit frame are meaningful even for such a light particle as the pion. The spatial distributions are determined at large distances r ∼ 1/mπ for pions, kaons, and octet baryons by use of ChPT. Typeset using REVTEX 1